Research Summary of the American left-wing literature of the 20th century - Juvenile China Reviews
In the context of globalization, the development of liberal capitalism encountered unprecedented challenges: on the one hand of the free market globalization requires a unified, need to export some of the ultra-modern American banking system, so that a bubble economy, an increasingly important; the other With the rise of multinational aspects, resulting in unemployment in developed countries, modular lighting instruments the gap between rich and poor is widening. At the same time, the capitalist consumer attitudes pervasive, four post-colonial political expansion, also rebounded rising nationalism, modular lighting instruments social structure changed dramatically. People come to realize that the "end of ideology" and "end of history" are wrong. The current financial crisis once again proved that the new conservatism bankruptcy, also shows that the world should be based on the overall concept and diverse structures as the basis for radical economic reform, rather than continue to support an aging system. In this case, the foreign intellectuals rediscovered historical resources, to reflect modular lighting instruments the reality of social problems, so that the left-wing thought after another again.
In summary, the study of American foreign left-wing literary trends of the 20th century can be divided into three periods: six decades of the 20th century, took the first period, the main idea is to break the shackles of McCarthyism, constructivism paradigm. US academic research leftist literary trends modular lighting instruments of the 20th century can be traced back to the 1930s. In 1932, James Farrell (James T.Farrell) published the "Youth Browning boyhood roots in the streets of Chicago" on the left-wing literature to radicalism modular lighting instruments represented a study literary modular lighting instruments trends. 1980s, when academia began to reflect the new left-wing movements of the 1960s when, suddenly found Farrell had already discussed the practice and value of American culture and other issues. Today, people still continue to find Farrell's influence. In 1942, Alfred Kazin (Alfred Kazin) issued a "local roots: An Interpretation of modern prose literature," the left-wing of the twenties and thirties of the famous writer William Rollins (William Rollins), Henry Roth (Henry Roth), Nathanael West (Nathanael West), Farrell, Karpathos and proletarian poet Kenneth Fehling (Kenneth Fearing), Edwin Rolf (Edwin Rolfe), Horace Gregory (Horace Gregory), Alfred Hayes (Alfred Hayes), Murrell Rukeyser (Murriel Rukeyster), Fernando modular lighting instruments Love Solomon (Solomon Funaroff), etc. Carding and discussed in detail. 1940s, when the left-wing writers began to return to the ivory tower of art, this book has become the early 1930s American left-wing literary studies modular lighting instruments excellent book. 1956, Walter modular lighting instruments Ryan Daut (Walter Rideout) published "1900-1954 American radical Fiction: Literature and Society internal relations", collected a left-wing writer's novel, and made comprehensive review summarizes the radicalism fiction contribution to American modular lighting instruments literature. 1957, Irving Howe and Lewis Kozhikode (Lewis Coser) coauthored the "Communist America: a critical modular lighting instruments history", continued elucidation of the achievements and shortcomings of communism radical novels. modular lighting instruments 1961, Daniel Allen (Daniel Aaron) issued a "left-wing writers: American modular lighting instruments Literature communism in the episode" (Writers on the Left: Episode in American Literary Communism) as participants and witnesses of the United States, four decades analysis Overview leftist literary movement development, modular lighting instruments focused on the first 30 years of the 20th century, the American Communist Party and the left-wing culture clash and entangled relationship. In his book persuasively argues, the Great Depression and the Communist Party were unable to produce literary radicalism, but is rather inherent in Native American culture spawned a tradition of radicalism. Thus, the radicalism of literature is based on Native American culture, he breaks the paradigm modular lighting instruments of traditional literary history. Allen was born in Chicago in 1912, and in 1933 graduated from the University of Michigan, and went to graduate school at Harvard University. During the Harvard study, he not only won the first-hand information about the "Harvard Teachers Association" (the Harvard Teachers' Union) activities of left-wing intellectuals, but also met Robert Davis (Robert Gorham Davis), Joseph Freeman (Joseph Freeman) and other Communist Party leaders, and by their influence, to become modular lighting instruments the New Deal leftists. However, modular lighting instruments Allen did not join the Communist Party. 20 years later, Allen virtue of their non-partisan status, access to funding from the Ford Foundation, the study left-wing modular lighting instruments writers. In the study, Allen insisted transcend partisan research object and maintain the necessary distance to avoid the interference of the new radicalism. In the "left-wing writers", the Allen efforts to make the old left-wing literary heritage passed on to the new left-wing youth. Although he explained the book is for the people who participated in the struggle of the 1930s written, modular lighting instruments but the main purpose is to explore the cultural modular lighting instruments life of the American Communist influence, deconstruction of the myth of McCarthyism. Allen refused to retreat from the left-wing writers disillusioned communist and other sensitive issues, he said: "We have to survive these difficult people 60s inappropriate for their mistakes, their romance, their self-deception, and their whining and thinks just and regret. But we can not simply deny their efforts to change the world, modular lighting instruments no matter how much they are reckless, how invalid. " also criticized the Communist Party, although Allen tied the writer's thinking, but he did not in favor of an alternative to the anti-communist anti-imperialism, and has never come too left-wing writers and political mess conclusions. Allen argued convincingly that the influence modular lighting instruments of the Soviet modular lighting instruments Union is one of the main causes of the failure of the left-wing literary movement. Allen has developed an important US academic research paradigm - historical research on the social and political intellectuals, and a new social history research. His extensive use of personal manuscripts, personal letters, modular lighting instruments interviews, memoirs, some inconspicuous modular lighting instruments small publications, political documents, articles and novels. Allen looked in the eyes of today's research, we can easily point out the existence of bias in defining his terms of class, gender, race, ethnicity, but we are hard to refute the historical him because he used historical data is extremely rich and precious. In summary, the "left-wing writers" has three outstanding features :( a) Allen actively looking for the source of 20th century American literature from the left wing Native American culture. (B) he elaborated on the impact of the Russian Revolution and the Soviet Union to the United States modular lighting instruments left-wing literature. (C) pay attention to elucidation of historical analysis and Allen writers, showing a combination of cultural and historical characteristics. The downside is that, Allen only pay attention to important writers such as Michael Gould (Michael Gold), Hicks, Freeman, etc., while ignoring modular lighting instruments the female writers and black writers. While these constitute an important cross-section of the left-wing writers of literature, but by no means all of them. In the analysis of specific works, Allen also lack the ability to fine literary exposition and personal judgment is weak. Not only that, faced with Nadine Gordimer (Nadine Gordimer), Ngugi Saraswati Weng Ge (Ngugi Wa Thiong'o), Ernesto Gardner Nell (Ernesto Cardenal), Tony Murray Sen (Toni Morrison) such writers, Allen can not provide effective analysis. modular lighting instruments From the perspective of gender, ethnic and regional cultural perspective, Allen's research is very thin. With a wealth of in-depth research and historical data, Allen's research will be more and more challenges. Early 1960s, Allen left-wing modular lighting instruments literary success in research. "Left-wing writers" is recognized academic standpoint fair, personal feelings, high academic quality of work is not doping. Novelist Philip Bono Chomsky (Philip Bonosky) believes that the book on the theory of the origin of communism modular lighting instruments comb clear, no sway in some disputed areas around. "Left-wing writers' marks the advent of the decline and a new era of political loose advent of McCarthyism. After the "left-wing writer," was published, people who had participated in the left-wing cultural movement, such as Malcolm Cowley (Malcolm Cowley), Daner Fort Edward (Edward Dalberg), Max Eastman (Max Eastman), Georgia Rainville Hicks (Granvill Hicks), Cajun, modular lighting instruments Matthew Yuese Sen (Matthew Josephson), Randolph Bourne (Randolph Bourne), etc., have published their memoirs, affectionate memory of that burning passion. Some other researchers on the important journal articles that year the "masses", the "new people" and "Anvil" and compiled into a book. For example, William O'Neill (William L.O'Neil) modular lighting instruments edited the "rebel resonance: 1911-1917 years <people>"; Joseph modular lighting instruments North (Joseph North) modular lighting instruments edited the "<New masses>: thirties rebel anthology "; Jack Conroy (Jack Conroy) and Kurt Johnson (Curt Johnson) edited the" Writer's revolt: 1933-1940 years <Anvil>. modular lighting instruments " These historical greatly facilitate the work of researchers. Affected Allen, the American modular lighting instruments left-wing literature research paradigm is also showing three features :( a) in a research perspective, the researchers from the intricate relationship between Native American culture and the communist movement between the cut, the left-wing movement in the 1930s to explore how peaked, and quietly extended to 1960. Marxist criticism of the new terms by Trotsky influence of literary criticism is an important part of the left wing Literature. (B) in terms of research areas, many researchers regard the research targeted at the proletarian novel. Proletarian novel is developed during modular lighting instruments the Great Depression under the leadership of the Communist Party together with a unique social value and artistic value. In comparison, the US Marxist criticism, literature and theater studies is relatively weak. (C) continue to deepen and improve the new system of Marxist criticism. F. Jameson modular lighting instruments discussion of Burke; San Juan (. E.San Juan, Jr) on Carlos Buluo Sang (Carlos Bulosan) elucidation; Deborah Rosen Fuerth (Deborah Rosenfelt), Elaine Hedges (Elaine Hedges) analysis of the Marxist feminist, comprehensive analysis method adopted, changing the long-term tendency of Marxist critical theory to be studied in isolation. In 1968, historian James Gilbert (James B.Gilbert) issued a "writer and political parties: the history of American literature radicalism." He insisted from Allen cut research background, highlighting the "Partisan Review" unique role in leftist literary trends in the development modular lighting instruments process. modular lighting instruments His use of historical and cultural narrative form, carding interaction between writers and political parties to study the "New York literati cluster" of criticism and creative activities. In the same year, "Walter pocket," Robert Grover modular lighting instruments (Robert Grover) editor, collected the famous leftist poet Walter modular lighting instruments Loewen Fels (Walter Lowenfels) poetry. Grover pointed out that no matter how left-wing writers have political disillusionment and character flaws, after all, their creation is unique. In fact, many prominent American writers believe that sooner or later the world will communist philosophy, humanity better hope to make an objective and fair organized communist movement brought to evaluation. Those who choose to believe in the Marxist modular lighting instruments militants, modular lighting instruments despite modular lighting instruments the interference of the Soviet Union's wrong, but they never gave up the pursuit of culture and contributions. Although the left-wing literature of this period provides a variety of analysis, but did not break with Alan Ryan Daut research paradigm.
Dynasty of the 1980s, studies to multi-angle, multi-level development, achievements one after another, for the second period. 1980s, women began to integrate the academic criticism, ethnic and cultural theory to the left-wing literary trends study opens up new threshold. This period, academia and publishing sector has been strengthened modular lighting instruments in the 1930s left-wing fiction and poetry to explore and organize, to study provides a number of new historical data. In recent years, discussions modular lighting instruments of literary classics, has shaken the legitimacy of past accounting literary classics, but also provides an opportunity to deepen and expand the left-wing modular lighting instruments literature. Ethnic colored left-wing writers and female writers are highly valued. At the same time, the academic studies for hosting writers in the ascendant. Now about "carrying literature" (committed Literature) Research and Allen completely different era, researchers using contemporary cultural theory, a greater emphasis on gender and ethnic modular lighting instruments characteristics. In the early 1980s, the University of Michigan professor Alan Wald (Alan M.Wald) began a comprehensive modular lighting instruments study leftist literary trends, he has published "" The New York literati cluster "--1 930's to 1980's anti-Stalinist left wing of the ups and downs "" Imagine Revolution: John Will Wright and Sherry door root poetry and politics "," left-wing modular lighting instruments writing - on the cultural and political radical new theory "," time in exile from the future "and other works . He pointed out that the early 1930s to the late 1950s, Marxist literature with a political movement led by the Communist Party of the United States combined with the American Communist Party succeeded in anti-racism and the promotion of multi-ethnic literature modular lighting instruments which is built on the left wing, has won widespread praise society, direct impact on the new left-wing cultural movement of the 1960s. Wald was found in the 1950s left-wing
In the context of globalization, the development of liberal capitalism encountered unprecedented challenges: on the one hand of the free market globalization requires a unified, need to export some of the ultra-modern American banking system, so that a bubble economy, an increasingly important; the other With the rise of multinational aspects, resulting in unemployment in developed countries, modular lighting instruments the gap between rich and poor is widening. At the same time, the capitalist consumer attitudes pervasive, four post-colonial political expansion, also rebounded rising nationalism, modular lighting instruments social structure changed dramatically. People come to realize that the "end of ideology" and "end of history" are wrong. The current financial crisis once again proved that the new conservatism bankruptcy, also shows that the world should be based on the overall concept and diverse structures as the basis for radical economic reform, rather than continue to support an aging system. In this case, the foreign intellectuals rediscovered historical resources, to reflect modular lighting instruments the reality of social problems, so that the left-wing thought after another again.
In summary, the study of American foreign left-wing literary trends of the 20th century can be divided into three periods: six decades of the 20th century, took the first period, the main idea is to break the shackles of McCarthyism, constructivism paradigm. US academic research leftist literary trends modular lighting instruments of the 20th century can be traced back to the 1930s. In 1932, James Farrell (James T.Farrell) published the "Youth Browning boyhood roots in the streets of Chicago" on the left-wing literature to radicalism modular lighting instruments represented a study literary modular lighting instruments trends. 1980s, when academia began to reflect the new left-wing movements of the 1960s when, suddenly found Farrell had already discussed the practice and value of American culture and other issues. Today, people still continue to find Farrell's influence. In 1942, Alfred Kazin (Alfred Kazin) issued a "local roots: An Interpretation of modern prose literature," the left-wing of the twenties and thirties of the famous writer William Rollins (William Rollins), Henry Roth (Henry Roth), Nathanael West (Nathanael West), Farrell, Karpathos and proletarian poet Kenneth Fehling (Kenneth Fearing), Edwin Rolf (Edwin Rolfe), Horace Gregory (Horace Gregory), Alfred Hayes (Alfred Hayes), Murrell Rukeyser (Murriel Rukeyster), Fernando modular lighting instruments Love Solomon (Solomon Funaroff), etc. Carding and discussed in detail. 1940s, when the left-wing writers began to return to the ivory tower of art, this book has become the early 1930s American left-wing literary studies modular lighting instruments excellent book. 1956, Walter modular lighting instruments Ryan Daut (Walter Rideout) published "1900-1954 American radical Fiction: Literature and Society internal relations", collected a left-wing writer's novel, and made comprehensive review summarizes the radicalism fiction contribution to American modular lighting instruments literature. 1957, Irving Howe and Lewis Kozhikode (Lewis Coser) coauthored the "Communist America: a critical modular lighting instruments history", continued elucidation of the achievements and shortcomings of communism radical novels. modular lighting instruments 1961, Daniel Allen (Daniel Aaron) issued a "left-wing writers: American modular lighting instruments Literature communism in the episode" (Writers on the Left: Episode in American Literary Communism) as participants and witnesses of the United States, four decades analysis Overview leftist literary movement development, modular lighting instruments focused on the first 30 years of the 20th century, the American Communist Party and the left-wing culture clash and entangled relationship. In his book persuasively argues, the Great Depression and the Communist Party were unable to produce literary radicalism, but is rather inherent in Native American culture spawned a tradition of radicalism. Thus, the radicalism of literature is based on Native American culture, he breaks the paradigm modular lighting instruments of traditional literary history. Allen was born in Chicago in 1912, and in 1933 graduated from the University of Michigan, and went to graduate school at Harvard University. During the Harvard study, he not only won the first-hand information about the "Harvard Teachers Association" (the Harvard Teachers' Union) activities of left-wing intellectuals, but also met Robert Davis (Robert Gorham Davis), Joseph Freeman (Joseph Freeman) and other Communist Party leaders, and by their influence, to become modular lighting instruments the New Deal leftists. However, modular lighting instruments Allen did not join the Communist Party. 20 years later, Allen virtue of their non-partisan status, access to funding from the Ford Foundation, the study left-wing modular lighting instruments writers. In the study, Allen insisted transcend partisan research object and maintain the necessary distance to avoid the interference of the new radicalism. In the "left-wing writers", the Allen efforts to make the old left-wing literary heritage passed on to the new left-wing youth. Although he explained the book is for the people who participated in the struggle of the 1930s written, modular lighting instruments but the main purpose is to explore the cultural modular lighting instruments life of the American Communist influence, deconstruction of the myth of McCarthyism. Allen refused to retreat from the left-wing writers disillusioned communist and other sensitive issues, he said: "We have to survive these difficult people 60s inappropriate for their mistakes, their romance, their self-deception, and their whining and thinks just and regret. But we can not simply deny their efforts to change the world, modular lighting instruments no matter how much they are reckless, how invalid. " also criticized the Communist Party, although Allen tied the writer's thinking, but he did not in favor of an alternative to the anti-communist anti-imperialism, and has never come too left-wing writers and political mess conclusions. Allen argued convincingly that the influence modular lighting instruments of the Soviet modular lighting instruments Union is one of the main causes of the failure of the left-wing literary movement. Allen has developed an important US academic research paradigm - historical research on the social and political intellectuals, and a new social history research. His extensive use of personal manuscripts, personal letters, modular lighting instruments interviews, memoirs, some inconspicuous modular lighting instruments small publications, political documents, articles and novels. Allen looked in the eyes of today's research, we can easily point out the existence of bias in defining his terms of class, gender, race, ethnicity, but we are hard to refute the historical him because he used historical data is extremely rich and precious. In summary, the "left-wing writers" has three outstanding features :( a) Allen actively looking for the source of 20th century American literature from the left wing Native American culture. (B) he elaborated on the impact of the Russian Revolution and the Soviet Union to the United States modular lighting instruments left-wing literature. (C) pay attention to elucidation of historical analysis and Allen writers, showing a combination of cultural and historical characteristics. The downside is that, Allen only pay attention to important writers such as Michael Gould (Michael Gold), Hicks, Freeman, etc., while ignoring modular lighting instruments the female writers and black writers. While these constitute an important cross-section of the left-wing writers of literature, but by no means all of them. In the analysis of specific works, Allen also lack the ability to fine literary exposition and personal judgment is weak. Not only that, faced with Nadine Gordimer (Nadine Gordimer), Ngugi Saraswati Weng Ge (Ngugi Wa Thiong'o), Ernesto Gardner Nell (Ernesto Cardenal), Tony Murray Sen (Toni Morrison) such writers, Allen can not provide effective analysis. modular lighting instruments From the perspective of gender, ethnic and regional cultural perspective, Allen's research is very thin. With a wealth of in-depth research and historical data, Allen's research will be more and more challenges. Early 1960s, Allen left-wing modular lighting instruments literary success in research. "Left-wing writers" is recognized academic standpoint fair, personal feelings, high academic quality of work is not doping. Novelist Philip Bono Chomsky (Philip Bonosky) believes that the book on the theory of the origin of communism modular lighting instruments comb clear, no sway in some disputed areas around. "Left-wing writers' marks the advent of the decline and a new era of political loose advent of McCarthyism. After the "left-wing writer," was published, people who had participated in the left-wing cultural movement, such as Malcolm Cowley (Malcolm Cowley), Daner Fort Edward (Edward Dalberg), Max Eastman (Max Eastman), Georgia Rainville Hicks (Granvill Hicks), Cajun, modular lighting instruments Matthew Yuese Sen (Matthew Josephson), Randolph Bourne (Randolph Bourne), etc., have published their memoirs, affectionate memory of that burning passion. Some other researchers on the important journal articles that year the "masses", the "new people" and "Anvil" and compiled into a book. For example, William O'Neill (William L.O'Neil) modular lighting instruments edited the "rebel resonance: 1911-1917 years <people>"; Joseph modular lighting instruments North (Joseph North) modular lighting instruments edited the "<New masses>: thirties rebel anthology "; Jack Conroy (Jack Conroy) and Kurt Johnson (Curt Johnson) edited the" Writer's revolt: 1933-1940 years <Anvil>. modular lighting instruments " These historical greatly facilitate the work of researchers. Affected Allen, the American modular lighting instruments left-wing literature research paradigm is also showing three features :( a) in a research perspective, the researchers from the intricate relationship between Native American culture and the communist movement between the cut, the left-wing movement in the 1930s to explore how peaked, and quietly extended to 1960. Marxist criticism of the new terms by Trotsky influence of literary criticism is an important part of the left wing Literature. (B) in terms of research areas, many researchers regard the research targeted at the proletarian novel. Proletarian novel is developed during modular lighting instruments the Great Depression under the leadership of the Communist Party together with a unique social value and artistic value. In comparison, the US Marxist criticism, literature and theater studies is relatively weak. (C) continue to deepen and improve the new system of Marxist criticism. F. Jameson modular lighting instruments discussion of Burke; San Juan (. E.San Juan, Jr) on Carlos Buluo Sang (Carlos Bulosan) elucidation; Deborah Rosen Fuerth (Deborah Rosenfelt), Elaine Hedges (Elaine Hedges) analysis of the Marxist feminist, comprehensive analysis method adopted, changing the long-term tendency of Marxist critical theory to be studied in isolation. In 1968, historian James Gilbert (James B.Gilbert) issued a "writer and political parties: the history of American literature radicalism." He insisted from Allen cut research background, highlighting the "Partisan Review" unique role in leftist literary trends in the development modular lighting instruments process. modular lighting instruments His use of historical and cultural narrative form, carding interaction between writers and political parties to study the "New York literati cluster" of criticism and creative activities. In the same year, "Walter pocket," Robert Grover modular lighting instruments (Robert Grover) editor, collected the famous leftist poet Walter modular lighting instruments Loewen Fels (Walter Lowenfels) poetry. Grover pointed out that no matter how left-wing writers have political disillusionment and character flaws, after all, their creation is unique. In fact, many prominent American writers believe that sooner or later the world will communist philosophy, humanity better hope to make an objective and fair organized communist movement brought to evaluation. Those who choose to believe in the Marxist modular lighting instruments militants, modular lighting instruments despite modular lighting instruments the interference of the Soviet Union's wrong, but they never gave up the pursuit of culture and contributions. Although the left-wing literature of this period provides a variety of analysis, but did not break with Alan Ryan Daut research paradigm.
Dynasty of the 1980s, studies to multi-angle, multi-level development, achievements one after another, for the second period. 1980s, women began to integrate the academic criticism, ethnic and cultural theory to the left-wing literary trends study opens up new threshold. This period, academia and publishing sector has been strengthened modular lighting instruments in the 1930s left-wing fiction and poetry to explore and organize, to study provides a number of new historical data. In recent years, discussions modular lighting instruments of literary classics, has shaken the legitimacy of past accounting literary classics, but also provides an opportunity to deepen and expand the left-wing modular lighting instruments literature. Ethnic colored left-wing writers and female writers are highly valued. At the same time, the academic studies for hosting writers in the ascendant. Now about "carrying literature" (committed Literature) Research and Allen completely different era, researchers using contemporary cultural theory, a greater emphasis on gender and ethnic modular lighting instruments characteristics. In the early 1980s, the University of Michigan professor Alan Wald (Alan M.Wald) began a comprehensive modular lighting instruments study leftist literary trends, he has published "" The New York literati cluster "--1 930's to 1980's anti-Stalinist left wing of the ups and downs "" Imagine Revolution: John Will Wright and Sherry door root poetry and politics "," left-wing modular lighting instruments writing - on the cultural and political radical new theory "," time in exile from the future "and other works . He pointed out that the early 1930s to the late 1950s, Marxist literature with a political movement led by the Communist Party of the United States combined with the American Communist Party succeeded in anti-racism and the promotion of multi-ethnic literature modular lighting instruments which is built on the left wing, has won widespread praise society, direct impact on the new left-wing cultural movement of the 1960s. Wald was found in the 1950s left-wing
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